Assertion (A): HF has an unusually high boiling point. Reason (R): Fluorine is the most electronegative element, leading to strong hydrogen bonding in HF. MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Soaps react with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions in hard water to form insoluble scum (calcium/magnesium stearate), wasting soap and reducing cleaning efficiency. Detergents form soluble salts with these ions, so they lather well and clean effectively in hard water. Both statements are correct and R explains A.

Explanation:
Ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) is formed when NH₃ donates its lone pair to H⁺, forming a coordinate (dative) bond. CH₄ and H₂O have ordinary covalent bonds; NaCl is ionic. In NH₄⁺, all four N–H bonds become equivalent.

Explanation:
DAP, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, supplies nitrogen (18% N) and phosphorus (46% P₂O₅). It is a widely used phosphorus-rich fertilizer. Potassium is not present. NPK complex fertilizers provide all three. DAP is highly water-soluble, making phosphorus readily available. In soil, DAP temporarily increases pH around granules due to ammonia, but later nitrification lowers pH. Application: usually at sowing time.