Bakelite is a polymer of: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Nitrogen (1s2 2s2 2p3) has a exactly half-filled p-subshell, which confers extra stability due to symmetry and exchange energy. Oxygen (1s2 2s2 2p4) has one paired electron in the p-orbital, leading to electron-electron repulsion, making it easier to remove. Thus, N has a higher IE than O. Both are true and R explains A.

Explanation:
Ernest Rutherford, in 1911, along with Geiger and Marsden, bombarded a thin gold foil with alpha particles. Most passed through, some were deflected at large angles, leading to the nuclear model of the atom—a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons around it. Thomson's plum pudding model predicted no large deflections. Chadwick discovered neutron.

Explanation:
Ammonia reacts with CO₂ to form urea, and with HNO₃ to form ammonium nitrate, both key nitrogenous fertilizers. Glass uses Na₂CO₃; cement uses CaCO₃/clay; soap uses NaOH.