Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate, with the chemical formula NaHCO₃. Sodium carbonate is washing soda (Na₂CO₃). Sodium hydroxide is caustic soda (NaOH), and calcium carbonate is limestone or marble (CaCO₃). Baking soda is widely used in baking as a leavening agent.
Explanation:
An alpha particle (α) consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, which is the same as a helium-4 nucleus (²⁴He²⁺). It has a +2 charge. Beta particles are electrons (β⁻) or positrons (β⁺). Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves with no mass or charge. Alpha particles have low penetration power and are stopped by a sheet of paper or skin. Rutherford used alpha particles in his scattering experiment.
Explanation:
A small amount of ethanol (alcohol) is added to chloroform to inhibit its oxidation by air to toxic phosgene (COCl₂) and HCl. Ethanol acts as a negative catalyst (stabilizer) by consuming any formed phosgene. MnO₂, Pt, Fe are positive catalysts. Negative catalysts are also called inhibitors, used to prevent undesirable reactions.
Explanation:
Both diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon, having the same chemical element but different structural arrangements: diamond has a tetrahedral 3D network, graphite has layered planar structure. This leads to differing physical properties (hardness, conductivity).
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