Charles' law: V ∝ T at constant pressure and for a fixed mass (n constant). If pressure or amount changes, the relationship does not hold. The temperature must be in Kelvin.
Explanation:
Fractional distillation is the primary separation method in a petroleum refinery, where crude oil is heated and components separated based on boiling points. Cracking breaks larger molecules into smaller ones. Refining includes many processes including distillation. Polymerisation is joining molecules. Fractional distillation yields petrol, kerosene, diesel, etc.
Explanation:
pH difference = 3 units. Since pH is logarithmic (base 10), [H⁺] ratio = 10³ = 1000. So pH 2 solution has 1000 times greater H⁺ concentration, making it 1000 times more acidic.
Explanation:
The p-block includes elements from groups 13 to 18. Gallium (Group 13), Tin (Group 14), and Bismuth (Group 15) are all p-block elements. Zinc (Group 12) has a completely filled d-subshell (3d10) in its ground state and common oxidation states, placing it in the d-block.
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