Explanation:
Class midpoint = (Lower limit + Upper limit) / 2 = (20 + 30) / 2 = 25. This represents the central value of the class for calculations like mean in grouped data.
Explanation:
Circular test checks consistency over multiple periods: the product of indices from 0 to 1, 1 to 2, and 2 back to 0 should equal 1. Time reversal is P₀₁×P₁₀=1.
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