Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of which type of disorder?
A. Autoimmune disease
B. Infectious disease
C. Immunodeficiency
D. Allergy
Answer: Option A
Solution (By JKExamLibrary)
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own healthy tissues, specifically the synovial membranes of joints. This leads to painful swelling, bone erosion, and joint deformity. Other examples of autoimmune diseases include Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Explanation:
Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP, a second messenger. Guanylyl cyclase makes cGMP, phospholipase C produces IP₃/DAG, PKA is activated by cAMP.
Explanation:
Hemoglobin is a red, iron-containing protein in red blood cells (erythrocytes) that reversibly binds oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin. Each molecule has four heme groups, each binding one O₂ molecule. Hemocyanin (copper-based) is found in some invertebrates. Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscles. Cytochromes are electron carriers in respiration. Hemoglobin also transports CO₂ as carbaminohemoglobin.
Explanation:
The medulla oblongata contains the respiratory rhythmicity centre that controls the rate and depth of breathing. The pons also has pneumotaxic and apneustic centres influencing breathing. The cerebrum can exert voluntary control, cerebellum coordinates movement, and hypothalamus regulates homeostasis.
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