Ionic (electrovalent) bond is formed by complete transfer of one or more valence electrons from a metal (low ionization energy) to a non-metal (high electron affinity), resulting in oppositely charged ions held by electrostatic forces. Example: Na → Na⁺ + e⁻; Cl + e⁻ → Cl⁻; Na⁺Cl⁻. Covalent bond involves sharing. Coordinate bond involves donation.
Explanation:
Roasting converts sulfide ores to oxides by heating in excess air: 2ZnS + 3O₂ → 2ZnO + 2SO₂. Calcination is for carbonates; leaching for others.
Explanation:
Fermentation is an anaerobic biological process in which enzymes (zymase) convert glucose to ethanol and CO₂: C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂. Oxidation would require oxygen. Esterification forms esters, saponification makes soap. Fermentation is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking (where CO₂ makes bread rise). The temperature is kept around 30-35°C.
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