The scientist who demonstrated that fermentation is caused by yeast was: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Gregor Mendel, through his pea plant experiments, established the fundamental laws of inheritance, earning him the title 'father of genetics'. Edward Jenner pioneered the concept of vaccination by developing the first successful smallpox vaccine using cowpox material. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, not the cell theory (proposed by Schleiden and Schwann). Thus, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Explanation:
After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit, while the ovule develops into seed. The ovary wall becomes the pericarp (fruit wall). Petals, sepals, and stamens usually wither. Some fruits are parthenocarpic (without fertilization, e.g., banana). The fruit protects seeds and aids in dispersal. Anther produces pollen grains. Thus, fruit is a mature ovary.

Explanation:
Uric acid is the least toxic and most water-insoluble nitrogenous waste, excreted as a paste or solid pellet, requiring minimal water. It is produced by birds, reptiles, and insects (uricotelic organisms). Ammonia (ammonotelic) is highly toxic, requiring large water volumes (e.g., fish). Urea (ureotelic) is intermediate, excreted by mammals.