Vulcanization cross-links rubber polymer chains with sulfur bridges, improving elasticity, strength, and durability. Invented by Charles Goodyear. It converts raw rubber into useful form.
Explanation:
Mass number (A) = protons (Z) + neutrons (N). So Z = A - N = 31 - 16 = 15. This is phosphorus (P). Atomic number 15, mass number 31. It has 15 protons and 15 electrons. Number of neutrons = 16. Isotope notation: ³¹₁₅P.
Explanation:
H₂O₂ decomposes when exposed to light (photochemical decomposition): 2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂. Light provides energy to break the O–O bond. To prevent decomposition, it is stored in amber or opaque bottles, often with stabilizers like urea or phosphoric acid. Also, traces of heavy metal ions catalyze decomposition. H₂O₂ is a strong oxidizing agent and bleaching agent.
Explanation:
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) consists of the ammonium ion (NH4+) and the chloride ion (Cl-). The bond between NH4+ and Cl- is ionic. However, within the ammonium ion itself, the nitrogen atom is bonded to four hydrogen atoms via covalent bonds (three normal and one coordinate). Thus, it contains both.
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