Explanation:
Sublimation is the direct transition from solid to gas phase. Examples: naphthalene, camphor, iodine, solid CO₂ (dry ice). Evaporation is liquid to gas; condensation is gas to liquid; distillation separates liquid mixtures based on boiling points.
Explanation:
Refining is the final step in metallurgy to obtain pure metal. Poling is used for copper to remove oxide impurities. Liquation separates low-melting metals (like tin) from high-melting impurities. Zone refining is used for producing ultra-pure semiconductors (like Si, Ge) based on the principle that impurities are more soluble in the molten state.
Explanation:
Graham's law: r ∝ 1/√M (molar mass). At same T,P, rate inversely proportional to square root of density. Lighter gases diffuse faster. Used in uranium enrichment (UF₆).
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