The Calvin cycle (C3 cycle) occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts, where CO₂ is fixed into sugars using ATP and NADPH from light reactions. Thylakoid membrane is the site of light reactions.
Explanation:
Commensalism (+/0) involves one species benefiting and the other neither harmed nor helped. Example: barnacles on a whale, or cattle egrets eating insects stirred by cattle. Mutualism benefits both (+/+), parasitism benefits one at expense of other (+/-), predation (+/-) involves killing. The distinction is based on the net effect.
Explanation:
Vitamin A (retinal) combines with opsin to form rhodopsin, the visual pigment in rod cells for dim-light vision. Deficiency causes night blindness.
Explanation:
Adventitious roots arise from non-root tissues like stems, leaves, or branches. Examples: prop roots of banyan, stilt roots of maize, aerial roots of orchids. Taproot and fibrous roots develop from the radicle.
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