Assertion (A): Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia. Reason (R): It is caused by deficiency or resistance to insulin. MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Acromegaly results from overproduction of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have fused, causing enlargement of hands, feet, jaw, and facial features. Gigantism occurs when excess GH is produced during childhood, leading to tall stature. Dwarfism is GH deficiency, cretinism is congenital hypothyroidism.

Explanation:
Vitamin K is a cofactor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which carboxylates glutamic acid in prothrombin and other factors, enabling calcium binding.

Explanation:
Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands evolved diverse beak shapes from a common ancestor to adapt to different food sources, a classic example of adaptive radiation. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth demonstrates natural selection, where darker moths survived better in soot-covered environments. Homologous organs indicate divergent evolution from a common ancestor, whereas analogous organs indicate convergent evolution. Thus, statements 1 and 2 are correct.