Convex lens: object within focal length (u < f) produces virtual, erect, magnified image (magnifying glass). Beyond F: real images. Memory tip: 'Convex lens: u < f ⇒ virtual image; u > f ⇒ real image'. Ray optics concept frequently tested in competitive exams to verify lens image formation rules.
Explanation:
Diamonds are cut in such a way that light entering them hits multiple facets from the inside at an angle greater than the critical angle (which is very low for diamond, around 24.4°). This results in multiple total internal reflections, trapping light and forcing it out of specific faces, creating a brilliant sparkle.
Explanation:
LEDs are highly efficient, converting ~80-90% of electrical energy into light, rest heat. Incandescent bulbs ~10% efficient. LED long life, low power. Blue LED Nobel prize 2014.
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