Synthetic detergents are primarily sodium salts of long-chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acids or alkyl hydrogen sulphates. Unlike soaps (which are carboxylate salts), detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water, making them effective cleansers.
Explanation:
The strong nuclear force is the attractive force that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together in the nucleus, overcoming the electrostatic repulsion between protons. It is short-range and charge-independent. Electrostatic repulsion would otherwise blow the nucleus apart. Gravitational force is negligible at this scale. Van der Waals forces operate between molecules.
Explanation:
A separating funnel allows immiscible liquids to form layers; the denser liquid is drained from the bottom. Fractionating column is for miscible liquids with close boiling points, condenser for distillation, centrifuge for separating fine solids or liquids of different densities by spinning.
Explanation:
Graphite mixed with clay forms pencil 'lead'. Its layered structure marks paper. Diamond is used in cutting, fullerene in nanotechnology, charcoal in filters and fuel.
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