Parallel-faced slab: refraction at entry and exit cancel angular deviation, but ray shifts laterally. No net direction change. Memory tip: 'Slab: parallel emergent ray; Prism: deviated emergent ray'. Ray optics concept frequently tested in competitive exams.
Explanation:
Most solar cells use silicon (monocrystalline or polycrystalline). Other materials: gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride. Silicon is semiconductor, abundant, efficient. Converts sunlight to electricity.
Explanation:
Ionosphere contains ions and free electrons, reflects radio waves back to Earth, enabling long-distance radio communication. Used in skywave propagation. Troposphere weather layer.
Explanation:
Vernier caliper is ideal for measuring internal diameters of narrow tubes due to its internal jaws designed for such measurements. Screw gauge measures external dimensions like wire diameter. Meter scale and measuring tape lack the precision (least count ~1 mm) needed for narrow tubes. Vernier calipers typically have least count 0.01 mm or 0.02 mm. Practical tip: Always use internal jaws for internal measurements, external jaws for outer dimensions. This application-based question tests knowledge of instrument selection in experimental physics, commonly featured in practical examination sections.
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