Explanation:
Fractional distillation is used when the boiling points differ by less than 25 K. A fractionating column provides repeated condensation–vaporization cycles, improving separation. Example: separation of petrol, kerosene from crude oil. Simple distillation works if difference > 25 K. Separating funnel separates immiscible liquids. Crystallization purifies solids. Exam note: Fractionating column packed with glass beads increases surface area.
Explanation:
Boyle's Law states that for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume (P ∝ 1/V, or PV = constant). As volume decreases, gas molecules hit the container walls more frequently, increasing the pressure exerted by the gas.
Explanation:
Ammonia reacts with CO₂ to form urea, and with HNO₃ to form ammonium nitrate, both key nitrogenous fertilizers. Glass uses Na₂CO₃; cement uses CaCO₃/clay; soap uses NaOH.
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