Internal forces cancel in pairs (third law), so net external force = 0 ⇒ dp/dt = 0 (second law) ⇒ momentum constant. Memory aid: 'Momentum conservation ⇔ no external force ⇔ action-reaction pairs'. Mechanics foundation frequently tested in competitive exams.
Explanation:
Einstein explained photoelectric effect (1905) using light quanta (photons), earning Nobel Prize. Also developed relativity. Electron: Thomson; Nuclear atom: Rutherford; Induction: Faraday. Memory aid: 'Einstein = photons + relativity'. Key contribution frequently tested in competitive modern physics history questions.
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