Graham's law of diffusion/effusion states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. Lighter gases diffuse faster. This law helps in separating isotopes (e.g., ²³⁵U enrichment) and understanding gas behavior. Boyle's and Charles' deal with P-V-T relationships. Avogadro's deals with V and number of moles.
Explanation:
Calcium (Ca) has a valency of +2, and the phosphate ion (PO₄) has a valency of -3. To balance the charges, we need three calcium ions and two phosphate ions, giving the formula Ca₃(PO₄)₂. This is determined by criss-crossing the valencies of the constituent ions.
Explanation:
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), once widely used as refrigerants and propellants, are the primary culprits behind ozone depletion. When CFCs reach the stratosphere, UV radiation breaks them down, releasing chlorine atoms. A single chlorine atom can catalytically destroy thousands of ozone (O3) molecules.
Explanation:
Fractional distillation is the primary separation method in a petroleum refinery, where crude oil is heated and components separated based on boiling points. Cracking breaks larger molecules into smaller ones. Refining includes many processes including distillation. Polymerisation is joining molecules. Fractional distillation yields petrol, kerosene, diesel, etc.
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