The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in the kidney is formed by the modification of cells in the: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

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The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in the kidney is formed by the modification of cells in the:

A. Proximal convoluted tubule and descending limb of Henle

B. Distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole

C. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

D. Collecting duct and efferent arteriole

Answer: Option B

Solution (By JKExamLibrary)

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a specialized structure where the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) comes into contact with the afferent arteriole. It consists of juxtaglomerular cells (modified smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole that secrete renin), macula densa cells (modified DCT cells that sense NaCl concentration), and extraglomerular mesangial cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

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The process of transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower is:

A. Self-pollination

B. Geitonogamy

C. Cross-pollination

D. Xenogamy

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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Self-pollination (autogamy) occurs within the same flower. Geitonogamy is pollination between different flowers of the same plant, functionally cross-pollination. Xenogamy is between different plants. Self-pollination leads to genetic uniformity.

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Question #2

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Consider statements about environment: 1. The Chipko movement was for forest conservation. 2. Joint Forest Management involves local communities. 3. Biodiversity hotspots have low species richness. Which are correct?

A. 1, 2 and 3

B. 1 and 3 only

C. 1 and 2 only

D. 2 and 3 only

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
The Chipko movement was a grassroots environmental movement in India where villagers hugged trees to prevent them from being cut down, highlighting forest conservation. Joint Forest Management (JFM) is a government initiative involving local communities in the protection and management of degraded forest lands. Biodiversity hotspots are regions with exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism, not low. Thus, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

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Question #3

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The term 'ecology' was coined by:

A. Charles Darwin

B. Ernst Haeckel

C. Gregor Mendel

D. Robert Hooke

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Ernst Haeckel, a German zoologist, coined the term 'ecology' (Ökologie) in 1866, derived from Greek 'oikos' (house) and 'logos' (study), meaning the study of organisms in relation to their environment. Darwin contributed evolution, Mendel genetics, Hooke cell theory. Ecology encompasses interactions between organisms and their abiotic and biotic environment.

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