The process of converting one element into another by bombarding it with high-energy particles is called:
A. Radioactive decay
B. Nuclear fission
C. Nuclear fusion
D. Artificial transmutation
Answer: Option D
Solution (By JKExamLibrary)
Artificial transmutation is the conversion of a chemical element or an isotope into another through a nuclear reaction induced by bombarding it with high-energy particles (like alpha particles, protons, or neutrons). This was first achieved by Rutherford in 1919 when he converted nitrogen into oxygen.
Explanation:
Beta rays (β) consist of high-speed, high-energy electrons (β⁻) or positrons (β⁺) emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay. In standard beta decay, a neutron converts into a proton and an electron, and the electron is ejected from the nucleus.
Explanation:
Fermentation is an anaerobic biological process in which enzymes (zymase) convert glucose to ethanol and CO₂: C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂. Oxidation would require oxygen. Esterification forms esters, saponification makes soap. Fermentation is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking (where CO₂ makes bread rise). The temperature is kept around 30-35°C.
Explanation:
PVC has polar C-Cl bonds; the chlorine atoms create dipole-dipole interactions between polymer chains, restricting chain movement and making the material rigid and strong. Adding plasticizers (e.g., phthalates) reduces intermolecular forces, making it flexible. Cross-links are in thermosets, PVC is thermoplastic. High molecular weight contributes but polarity is key.
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