Portland cement is made by heating a mixture of limestone (CaCO₃) and clay (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃) in a kiln. The resulting clinker is ground with gypsum. Soda ash and sand are for glass.
Explanation:
Fractional distillation is specifically designed to separate miscible liquids whose boiling points differ by less than 25 K. It uses a fractionating column which provides surfaces for repeated evaporation and condensation, enriching the vapor with the more volatile component before it reaches the condenser.
Explanation:
pH < 7 indicates acidic. Since 4.5 is less than 7 but not extremely low (like 1-2), it is weakly acidic. Neutral pH=7, basic pH>7. A solution with pH 4 is more acidic than pH 5.
Explanation:
Isobars: same mass number, different atomic number. Example: ⁴⁰Ar, ⁴⁰Ca. Isotopes: same atomic number, different mass number. Isotones: same number of neutrons. Isomers: same molecular formula, different structure.
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