T = 2π√(L/g). For small amplitudes, period independent of amplitude and mass. Depends only on effective length and acceleration due to gravity. Used in pendulum clocks.
Explanation:
Radiation does not require medium; it travels via electromagnetic waves. Conduction needs medium for molecular collisions, convection needs fluid motion. Sun's heat reaches Earth by radiation through vacuum of space.
Explanation:
Doppler effect: apparent change in frequency due to relative motion. Siren pitch changes as it approaches/recedes. Echo is reflection. Bending is diffraction. Fusion is nuclear reaction.
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