In PCl₅, phosphorus forms five covalent bonds with five chlorine atoms. Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons (3s²3p³), and by using d-orbitals, it can expand its octet to accommodate 5 bonds. Thus its covalency is 5. In PCl₃, it is 3. Valency is the number of bonds formed. The oxidation state of P in PCl₅ is +5.
Explanation:
Ozone (O₃) is a molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms, all of the same element. H₂O and CO₂ are compounds; NaCl is an ionic compound (not a discrete molecule). O₂ is also a molecule of an element.
Explanation:
Electrolysis uses an external electric current to drive a chemical reaction that would not occur spontaneously. Example: 2NaCl (molten) → 2Na + Cl₂. Option A describes a galvanic cell. Electrolytic cells require energy input. Electroplating, extraction of reactive metals (Al, Na), and production of chemicals (NaOH, Cl₂) rely on electrolysis.
Explanation:
Sodium carbonate decahydrate (washing soda) is prepared by dissolving soda ash (anhydrous Na₂CO₃) in water and allowing it to crystallise. Heating would remove water of crystallization (efflorescence). Adding acid would decompose it. Electrolysis would produce NaOH and Cl₂ from brine, not washing soda directly.
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