Urea, CO(NH₂)₂, is produced from ammonia and carbon dioxide under high pressure (~200 atm) and temperature (~200°C): 2NH₃ + CO₂ → NH₄COONH₂ (ammonium carbamate) → (NH₂)₂CO + H₂O. It is the most concentrated nitrogenous solid fertilizer.
Explanation:
In H₂, two hydrogen atoms share their electrons equally because they have the same electronegativity. Thus, a non-polar covalent bond is formed. Ionic bonds form between metals and non-metals. Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing (e.g., HCl). Coordinate bonds involve one atom donating both electrons (e.g., NH₄⁺).
Explanation:
CaSO₄·½H₂O readily absorbs moisture to set to CaSO₄·2H₂O (gypsum), becoming hard and useless for molding. So it must be kept dry. Reaction: CaSO₄·½H₂O + 1½H₂O → CaSO₄·2H₂O.
Explanation:
C₂H₅OH + CH₃COOH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O (esterification). Conc. H₂SO₄ acts as catalyst and dehydrating agent. Ethyl ethanoate is an ester with fruity smell.
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