Solder is an alloy primarily used for welding electrical components and pipes. It is traditionally composed of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn), typically in a 60:40 or 50:50 ratio. Brass is copper and zinc, bronze is copper and tin, and duralumin is an alloy of aluminum, copper, magnesium, and manganese.
Explanation:
Permanent hardness (due to CaSO₄ etc.) can be removed by adding Na₂CO₃, which precipitates CaCO₃. Boiling only removes temporary hardness. Ion exchange and calgon also work.
Explanation:
Permanent hardness is due to CaCl₂, CaSO₄, MgCl₂, MgSO₄. These do not precipitate on boiling. Temporary hardness (bicarbonates) is removed by boiling. Both can be removed by ion exchange or washing soda.
Explanation:
Atomic number 12 = magnesium (Mg). Electronic configuration 2,8,2. It belongs to Group 2, Period 3. Sodium is 11, aluminium 13, potassium 19.
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