Explanation:
Combined mean = (n₁x̄₁ + n₂x̄₂) / (n₁ + n₂) weights each group's mean by its size, providing the correct overall mean when aggregating subgroup statistics.
Explanation:
Standardization removes age structure effects by calculating what each population's death rate would be if it had the same age distribution as a standard population, enabling fair comparison of underlying mortality risks.
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