Explanation:
In the liver, methanol is oxidized to formaldehyde, then to formic acid, which damages the optic nerve and can cause blindness or death. Ethanol is used as an antidote by competing for the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.
Explanation:
Zinc loses electrons: Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻, thus it is oxidized (increase in oxidation state from 0 to +2). Copper ions gain electrons: Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu, thus copper is reduced. Zn acts as the reducing agent, CuSO₄ as the oxidizing agent. This is a single displacement redox reaction. Zn is more reactive than Cu.
Explanation:
In H₂, two hydrogen atoms share their electrons equally because they have the same electronegativity. Thus, a non-polar covalent bond is formed. Ionic bonds form between metals and non-metals. Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing (e.g., HCl). Coordinate bonds involve one atom donating both electrons (e.g., NH₄⁺).
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