Statistics MCQs

Question #1161

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) represents:

A. Hypothetical average number of children a woman would have if she experienced current age-specific fertility rates throughout her reproductive life

B. Actual average number of children born per woman in a cohort

C. Number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-49

D. Ratio of births to deaths in a population

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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
TFR is a period measure summing ASFRs across all reproductive ages (typically 15-49), estimating the average completed family size if current fertility patterns persist, crucial for population projections.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1162

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Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) differs from TFR by:

A. Expressing rate per 100 women instead of 1,000

B. Including only female births in the numerator

C. Adjusting for infant mortality

D. Using a different age range for women

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
GRR = Σ (ASFR for female births only) × 5 (for 5-year age groups), measuring the average number of daughters a woman would have, focusing on female offspring for generational replacement analysis.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1163

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Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) accounts for:

A. Economic factors influencing fertility

B. Only live births

C. Female births adjusted for mortality before reproductive age

D. Migration effects on population

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
NRR refines GRR by incorporating survival probabilities from birth to each reproductive age, indicating whether a generation of women is exactly replacing itself (NRR=1) after accounting for female mortality.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1164

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If TFR = 2.1 in a population with negligible migration, this suggests:

A. Population decline

B. Population stability in the long run

C. Immediate population doubling

D. Rapid population growth

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
A TFR of approximately 2.1 is the replacement-level fertility in low-mortality populations, meaning each generation of women has enough daughters to replace themselves, leading to eventual population stabilization.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1165

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Assertion (A): NRR is a more accurate measure of population replacement than GRR. Reason (R): NRR incorporates female mortality, while GRR does not.

A. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

B. A is true but R is false

C. A is false but R is true

D. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

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Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation:
NRR adjusts for the probability that female births survive to reproductive ages, providing a realistic assessment of generational replacement, whereas GRR assumes all female births survive, overestimating replacement potential.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1166

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Crude Death Rate (CDR) is expressed as deaths per:

A. 100 population

B. 10,000 live births

C. 1,000 mid-year population

D. 1,000 women aged 15-49

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
CDR = (Number of deaths in a year / Mid-year population) × 1,000. It is a basic mortality indicator, though sensitive to population age structure.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1167

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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is calculated as:

A. Maternal deaths / Live births × 100,000

B. Deaths under 5 years / Live births × 1,000

C. Deaths under 1 year / Total births × 1,000

D. Deaths under 1 year / Mid-year population under 1 × 1,000

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
IMR = (Number of infant deaths (under 1 year) in a year / Number of live births in the same year) × 1,000. It is a sensitive indicator of healthcare quality and socioeconomic conditions.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1168

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Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is defined as:

A. Maternal deaths per 1,000 women of reproductive age

B. Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births

C. Maternal deaths per 1,000 pregnancies

D. Maternal deaths per 10,000 total population

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
MMR = (Number of maternal deaths due to pregnancy-related causes / Number of live births) × 100,000. This ratio focuses on the risk per childbirth event, standardizing for comparison across populations.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1169

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Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) specifically measures deaths occurring:

A. During childbirth only

B. Within the first 28 days (0-27 days) of life

C. Within the first 24 hours of life

D. Between 28 days and 1 year of age

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
NMR = (Deaths under 28 days / Live births) × 1,000. It isolates early infancy mortality, often reflecting quality of obstetric and immediate newborn care.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1170

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Life expectancy at birth is best interpreted as:

A. The median age at death in a given year

B. The age by which 50% of the population has died

C. The average number of years a newborn is expected to live if current mortality patterns persist

D. The maximum age reached by any individual in the population

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Life expectancy is a period measure derived from a life table, representing the mean survival time for a hypothetical cohort experiencing current age-specific death rates throughout life.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1171

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Standardized Death Rate (SDR) is used to:

A. Calculate crude death rates for small areas

B. Adjust birth rates for underreporting

C. Estimate infant mortality from census data

D. Compare mortality between populations with different age structures

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Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation:
SDR applies age-specific death rates of a population to a standard age distribution, eliminating the confounding effect of age structure to enable fair mortality comparisons across regions or time.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1172

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If Population X has a higher CDR than Population Y, but a lower SDR, this suggests:

A. Data for Population X is inaccurate

B. Population X has better healthcare

C. Population Y has higher fertility

D. Population X has an older age structure

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Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation:
A higher crude death rate but lower standardized rate indicates that Population X's apparent higher mortality is due to a larger proportion of elderly people (who have higher death rates), not worse age-specific mortality.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1173

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Which mortality measure is MOST sensitive to improvements in maternal healthcare?

A. Life Expectancy at Age 60

B. Crude Death Rate

C. Maternal Mortality Ratio

D. Infant Mortality Rate

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
MMR directly tracks pregnancy-related deaths, making it the most responsive indicator to changes in obstetric care quality, access to skilled birth attendance, and emergency maternal services.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1174

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In a frequency distribution, if the mean is 50, median is 48, and mode is 45, the distribution is likely:

A. Negatively skewed

B. Positively skewed

C. Bimodal

D. Symmetrical

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
In a positively skewed distribution, mean > median > mode due to the pull of extreme high values; here, 50 > 48 > 45 aligns with this pattern, indicating right-skewness.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1175

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Which of the following is a disadvantage of the mailed questionnaire method for primary data collection?

A. Low response rate and potential non-response bias

B. Requires highly trained enumerators

C. High cost per respondent

D. Limited geographical coverage

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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Mailed questionnaires often suffer from low return rates, and respondents who reply may differ systematically from non-respondents, introducing bias that is difficult to assess or correct.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1176

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In data classification, 'class width' refers to:

A. The difference between upper and lower class limits

B. The frequency of the modal class

C. The number of classes in the distribution

D. The midpoint of a class interval

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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Class width (or class size) is the difference between the upper and lower boundaries of a class interval, determining the range of values grouped together in a frequency distribution.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1177

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For a dataset with extreme outliers, which measure of central tendency is LEAST affected?

A. Median

B. Mode

C. Arithmetic mean

D. Geometric mean

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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
The median depends only on the middle value(s) in an ordered list, making it robust to extreme values, whereas the mean incorporates all values and can be heavily distorted by outliers.

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Question #1178

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The probability of getting at least one head in two tosses of a fair coin is:

A. 3/4

B. 1

C. 1/4

D. 1/2

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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
P(at least one head) = 1 - P(no heads) = 1 - P(TT) = 1 - 1/4 = 3/4. Alternatively, favorable outcomes: HH, HT, TH (3 out of 4), so 3/4.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1179

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In attribute theory, if (A)=200, (B)=300, N=1000, and A and B are independent, the expected frequency of (AB) is:

A. 50

B. 200

C. 300

D. 60

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Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation:
Under independence, E(AB) = (A)×(B)/N = 200×300/1000 = 60,000/1000 = 60. This is the product of marginal proportions times total population.

This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

Question #1180

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Fisher's ideal index for price is given by:

A. (Σp₁q₀/Σp₀q₀ + Σp₁q₁/Σp₀q₁)/2

B. Σp₁q₀ / Σp₀q₀

C. √[(Σp₁q₀/Σp₀q₀) × (Σp₁q₁/Σp₀q₁)]

D. Σp₁q₁ / Σp₀q₁

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Fisher's ideal price index is the geometric mean of the Laspeyres price index (Σp₁q₀/Σp₀q₀) and the Paasche price index (Σp₁q₁/Σp₀q₁), ensuring it satisfies key consistency tests.

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