Gene therapy was first attempted to treat a patient with which genetic disorder?
A. Hemophilia
B. Sickle cell anemia
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency
Answer: Option D
Solution (By JKExamLibrary)
Gene therapy involves correcting a genetic defect by introducing a functional gene into a patient's cells. The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4-year-old girl with Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency, a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) caused by a mutation in the ADA gene. The functional ADA gene was introduced into her lymphocytes using a retroviral vector.
Explanation:
Vitamin K is required for the gamma-carboxylation of prothrombin (factor II) and other clotting factors, enabling them to bind calcium and participate in coagulation. Deficiency leads to bleeding.
Explanation:
Alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange (O₂ and CO₂) occurs. Nephrons are kidney units, neurons nerve cells, villi intestinal projections. The lungs contain millions of alveoli to maximize surface area.
Explanation:
Peyer's patches are organized lymphoid follicles (aggregated lymphoid nodules) located in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine, most abundantly in the ileum (the distal part). They are a crucial component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and play a vital role in monitoring intestinal bacteria populations, preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and training the immune system to recognize antigens.
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