Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was historically called muriatic acid or spirits of salt, produced from salt (NaCl) and sulfuric acid. Oil of vitriol is H₂SO₄. Aqua regia is a mixture of 3 parts HCl and 1 part HNO₃. Carbolic acid is phenol. HCl is present in gastric juice and used in metal cleaning and chemical synthesis.
Explanation:
The universal gas constant R has different values depending on the units used. In SI units (Joules), R = 8.314 J/(mol·K). In L·atm, it is 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K). Option D mixes SI and L·atm units incorrectly. The value of R is fundamental in thermodynamic calculations.
Explanation:
Graphite is used in electrodes (due to electrical conductivity) and as a moderator in nuclear reactors (to slow down neutrons). It is chemically stable and can withstand high temperatures. Diamond is an insulator. Fullerene is a nanomaterial. Charcoal is used as adsorbent and fuel. Graphite blocks are used in RBMK reactors (like Chernobyl) and in advanced gas-cooled reactors.
Explanation:
Ideal gas assumptions: particles have negligible volume, no intermolecular forces, and elastic collisions. Real gases deviate due to finite molecular size and attractions. At high pressure and low temperature, real gases deviate significantly; van der Waals equation corrects. So having strong attractive forces is not an ideal gas property. Ideal gas law PV = nRT is a limiting law.
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