Pneumatophores, specialized roots that grow vertically upwards to facilitate gas exchange in swampy areas, are found in: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
The 5' cap is a specially altered nucleotide (7-methylguanosine) attached via a 5'-5' triphosphate linkage to the 5' end of a eukaryotic mRNA molecule shortly after transcription begins. Its primary functions are to protect the nascent mRNA from degradation by 5' exonucleases, to facilitate the export of the mature mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and, crucially, to be recognized by the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which is essential for recruiting the ribosome to the mRNA to initiate translation.

Explanation:
Louis Pasteur provided strong evidence that microorganisms cause disease and developed pasteurization to kill pathogens. Koch formalized criteria linking specific microbes to specific diseases. Fleming discovered penicillin, Lister introduced antiseptic surgery.

Explanation:
In 1885, Louis Pasteur developed the first effective vaccine against rabies. He achieved this by serially passaging the rabies virus (obtained from the saliva of infected dogs) through the spinal cords of rabbits. This process attenuated (weakened) the virus for rabbits but made it virulent for dogs. He then dried the infected spinal cords to further weaken the virus and used this attenuated material to successfully inoculate and protect a boy, Joseph Meister, who had been bitten by a rabid dog.