The end product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions in muscles is: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
The atlantoaxial joint (between atlas and axis vertebrae) is a pivot joint, allowing rotation of the head ('no' motion). Hinge allows flexion/extension, ball and socket multiaxial, gliding sliding. The odontoid process of the axis acts as a pivot.

Explanation:
Mitochondria produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the inner membrane. They are double-membrane organelles with their own DNA (mtDNA) and 70S ribosomes, supporting the endosymbiotic theory. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Nucleus controls cell activities, ribosomes synthesize proteins, Golgi apparatus packages and modifies proteins. Mitochondria are abundant in energy-demanding cells like muscle cells.

Explanation:
Epistasis is a form of gene interaction where the expression of one gene (the epistatic gene) masks, suppresses, or modifies the expression of another non-allelic gene (the hypostatic gene). This alters the expected Mendelian dihybrid ratio (9:3:3:1) into modified ratios like 9:7 (complementary), 9:3:4 (recessive epistasis), or 12:3:1 (dominant epistasis). Pleiotropy is one gene affecting multiple traits, and linkage is genes being on the same chromosome.