The process of converting vegetable oils to solid fats (vanaspati) involves:
A. Hydrogenation
B. Saponification
C. Esterification
D. Fermentation
Answer: Option A
Solution (By JKExamLibrary)
Hydrogenation adds hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils in the presence of nickel catalyst at about 150°C, converting liquid oils (C=C bonds) to solid fats (vanaspati ghee) with higher melting points. Saponification makes soap. Esterification forms esters. Fermentation produces alcohol. Partial hydrogenation can produce trans fats, which are harmful. Complete hydrogenation yields saturated fats.
Explanation:
The modern periodic law states that the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. This was proposed by Henry Moseley, correcting Mendeleev's periodic table which was based on atomic mass. Atomic number determines the electronic configuration and thus chemical properties.
Explanation:
Methanol (CH₃OH) is metabolized to formaldehyde and formic acid, causing optic nerve damage, blindness, or death. Ethanol is used in beverages.
Explanation:
Ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) is formed when NH₃ donates its lone pair to H⁺, forming a coordinate (dative) bond. CH₄ and H₂O have ordinary covalent bonds; NaCl is ionic. In NH₄⁺, all four N–H bonds become equivalent.
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