Explanation:
In electrolytic refining of copper, the electrolyte is acidified copper sulfate solution (CuSO₄ acidified with H₂SO₄). The anode is impure copper, cathode is pure copper. Cu²⁺ ions from the electrolyte are reduced and deposited on the cathode, while copper from anode oxidizes and enters solution. Impurities settle as anode mud (containing Ag, Au).
Explanation:
Washing soda (Na₂CO₃) reacts with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions in hard water to form insoluble carbonates: Ca²⁺ + Na₂CO₃ → CaCO₃↓ + 2Na⁺. Similarly MgCO₃. These precipitates are removed, softening the water. Ion exchange uses zeolites or resins. Boiling removes only temporary hardness. Distillation is expensive.
Explanation:
Ethanol, commonly known as ethyl alcohol, has the chemical formula C₂H₅OH. Methanol is CH₃OH. Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) is CH₃COOH, and propionic acid is C₂H₅COOH. Ethanol is widely used as a solvent, in alcoholic beverages, and as a biofuel.
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