Which of the following alcohols is toxic and can cause blindness?
A. Butanol
B. Ethanol
C. Propanol
D. Methanol
Answer: Option D
Solution (By JKExamLibrary)
Methanol is metabolized to formaldehyde and formic acid, which are toxic to the optic nerve and central nervous system, leading to blindness or death. Ethanol is the alcohol in beverages; moderate consumption is intoxicating but not blinding. Propanol and butanol are also toxic but not typically associated with blindness via this mechanism.
Explanation:
PVC has polar C-Cl bonds; the chlorine atoms create dipole-dipole interactions between polymer chains, restricting chain movement and making the material rigid and strong. Adding plasticizers (e.g., phthalates) reduces intermolecular forces, making it flexible. Cross-links are in thermosets, PVC is thermoplastic. High molecular weight contributes but polarity is key.
Explanation:
CH₄ (methane) has covalent bonds where carbon shares electrons with four hydrogen atoms. CaO (Ca²⁺ O²⁻), KCl, and NaF are ionic compounds formed by electron transfer between a metal and a non-metal. Ionic bonds form when electronegativity difference is large. Covalent bonds typically between non-metals with similar electronegativities.
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