An ionic (electrovalent) bond is formed by the complete transfer of one or more electrons from a metal to a non-metal, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions which are held together by strong electrostatic forces. Sharing of electrons forms covalent bonds, while pooling describes metallic bonds.
Explanation:
Charles' law: V ∝ T at constant pressure and for a fixed mass (n constant). If pressure or amount changes, the relationship does not hold. The temperature must be in Kelvin.
Explanation:
Tritium (³H) is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of ~12.3 years, decaying by beta emission to ³He. Protium (¹H) and deuterium (²H) are stable. Tritium is used in self-luminous paints, tracer studies, and nuclear fusion. It occurs naturally in very small amounts from cosmic rays but is mainly produced in nuclear reactors.
Explanation:
J.J. Thomson proposed the 'Plum Pudding' model in 1904 after discovering the electron. He envisioned the atom as a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons embedded within it, like plums in a pudding. This was later disproved by Rutherford's gold foil experiment.
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