Solar cells convert: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Solar cells (photovoltaic cells) convert light energy (photons) directly into electrical energy via the photovoltaic effect: photons excite electrons in semiconductor material, creating electron-hole pairs that generate voltage. This is distinct from solar thermal (light to heat to electricity) or batteries (chemical to electrical). Memory aid: 'Photo = light; voltaic = electricity'. This renewable energy application question tests knowledge of energy conversion principles, common in competitive exams. Always distinguish photovoltaic (direct light-electricity) from other solar technologies.