The first antibiotic, Penicillin, was extracted from which microorganism?
A. Fungus (Penicillium notatum)
B. Virus
C. Actinomycete
D. Bacterium
Answer: Option A
Solution (By JKExamLibrary)
Penicillin, the first true antibiotic, was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. He observed that a mold contaminating a Staphylococcus culture plate was inhibiting bacterial growth. The mold was identified as Penicillium notatum (now P. chrysogenum). Penicillin is extracted from this fungus and is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria.
Explanation:
Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic theory (1961), explaining that a proton gradient across a membrane drives ATP synthesis. Krebs discovered the citric acid cycle, Calvin the Calvin cycle, Lipmann discovered coenzyme A.
Explanation:
Whittaker's five-kingdom system places all prokaryotes (bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaea) in Monera. They lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Protista has unicellular eukaryotes, Fungi and Plantae are multicellular eukaryotes (except yeast). Monera reproduces asexually mainly by binary fission.
Explanation:
Monotropa (Indian pipe) is a saprophytic angiosperm that obtains nutrition from dead organic matter through mycorrhizal association. Cuscuta is a parasitic plant (dodder), Drosera (sundew) and pitcher plant are insectivorous plants. Saprophytes lack chlorophyll and are heterotrophic. Monotropa belongs to the family Ericaceae. Saprophytism is uncommon in angiosperms.
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