The term 'tonoplast' refers to the membrane surrounding the: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
The Chipko movement, initiated in the 1970s in Uttarakhand (India), involved villagers (mainly women) hugging trees to prevent them from being cut down by contractors. It was a non-violent protest for forest conservation and sustainable use. Sunderlal Bahuguna was a prominent leader. It raised awareness about deforestation and environmental protection.

Explanation:
Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) is primarily caused by Rh incompatibility. It occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. During the first pregnancy, fetal Rh+ red blood cells may enter the mother's circulation, prompting her to produce anti-Rh antibodies. In subsequent pregnancies with an Rh+ fetus, these antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the fetal red blood cells, causing severe anemia and jaundice.

Explanation:
Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for the synthesis of rhodopsin, the visual pigment in rod cells responsible for low-light vision. Deficiency leads to night blindness (nyctalopia) and, if severe, xerophthalmia and permanent blindness. Vitamin B₁ deficiency causes beriberi, C scurvy, D rickets.