Statistics MCQs

Accountancy and Statistics

Statistics MCQs

Practice complete Statistics MCQs covering Primary & Secondary Data, Data Collection Methods, Questionnaire, Tabulation & Compilation of Data, Measures of Central Tendency, Probability, Theory of Attributes, Index Numbers, Demography, Census, Vital Statistics, Fertility Measures, and all other important topics. Includes chapter-wise and exam-oriented multiple choice questions with detailed answers and explanations for JKSSB, SSC, Banking, UPSC, CUET, University, and other competitive exams.

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Page 63 of 66
Question #1241
General Fertility Rate (GFR) is higher than Crude Birth Rate (CBR) when:
A. The proportion of women aged 15-49 is high
B. Life expectancy is low
C. Infant mortality is high
D. The proportion of women aged 15-49 is low
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation:
GFR denominator is only women 15-49, while CBR uses total population. If this group is a small share of total population (e.g., aging society), GFR > CBR because the same births are divided by a smaller denominator.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1242
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is a period measure that assumes:
A. Migration is zero
B. Mortality rates remain constant
C. All women marry at the same age
D. Women will experience current age-specific fertility rates throughout their lives
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Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation:
TFR sums current ASFRs to estimate completed fertility for a hypothetical cohort, assuming no future changes in age-specific fertility behavior, making it a snapshot of current fertility intensity.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1243
Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) of 1.0 means that, on average, each woman has:
A. Two children
B. One daughter
C. One son
D. One child
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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
GRR counts only female births; GRR=1.0 indicates each woman has exactly one daughter on average, suggesting potential replacement of the female population if mortality is ignored.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1244
Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) incorporates which additional factor compared to GRR?
A. Economic development index
B. Male fertility
C. Female mortality before reproductive age
D. Migration rates
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
NRR adjusts GRR by multiplying age-specific fertility rates by the probability of surviving to each age, accounting for female deaths before childbearing years to assess true generational replacement.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1245
Crude Death Rate is less useful for comparing mortality between countries because it is heavily influenced by:
A. Migration patterns
B. Population age structure
C. Data collection methods
D. Birth rates
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
CDR uses total population, so countries with older populations (e.g., Japan) have higher CDRs even with better age-specific survival than younger populations (e.g., Nigeria), necessitating age-standardization.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1246
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is calculated using live births in the denominator rather than total population because:
A. Infant deaths are directly linked to birth cohort, not total population size
B. Total population data is unavailable
C. It aligns with maternal mortality calculation
D. It simplifies calculation
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
IMR measures risk per birth event; using live births as denominator reflects the population at risk (newborns), providing a more accurate and comparable measure of infant survival than per total population.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1247
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) focuses on deaths related to:
A. All female deaths aged 15-49
B. Deaths during hospital delivery only
C. Any cause during pregnancy
D. Pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum period (up to 42 days) from pregnancy-related causes
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation:
MMR specifically counts maternal deaths from complications of pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum (within 42 days), excluding accidental or incidental causes, per WHO definition.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1248
Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) is a subset of:
A. Crude Death Rate
B. Infant Mortality Rate
C. Maternal Mortality Ratio
D. Perinatal Mortality Rate
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Infant Mortality Rate includes all deaths under 1 year; Neonatal Mortality Rate covers the first 28 days, making NMR a component of IMR, often indicating early-life healthcare quality.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1249
Perinatal Mortality Rate combines:
A. Late fetal deaths (stillbirths ≥28 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (0-6 days)
B. Maternal and infant deaths
C. Deaths from congenital anomalies only
D. Neonatal and post-neonatal deaths
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Perinatal mortality, as defined by WHO, includes stillbirths from 28 weeks gestation and deaths in the first week of life, capturing risks around the time of birth for comprehensive assessment.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1250
Life expectancy at birth increased from 60 to 65 years. This indicates:
A. Everyone will live 5 years longer
B. A newborn today is expected to live 5 years longer on average than a newborn in the past, assuming current mortality rates
C. Mortality has decreased only for the elderly
D. The oldest person will live to 65
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Life expectancy is a period measure reflecting current mortality conditions; an increase means improved survival across ages, raising the average projected lifespan for new births under present rates.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1251
Standardized Death Rate (SDR) is expressed per:
A. 1,000 population
B. 100 population
C. 100,000 population
D. 10,000 population
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Like crude rates, SDR is typically expressed per 1,000 standard population to maintain consistency and readability, though the base can vary by convention (e.g., per 100,000 for rare events).
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1252
Direct standardization is preferred over indirect when:
A. Age-specific rates for the study population are unstable due to small numbers
B. Comparing more than two populations
C. Age-specific rates for the study population are reliable and available
D. Only total deaths are known
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Direct standardization requires stable age-specific rates for the study group; if these are unreliable (e.g., small areas), indirect standardization (using standard rates) is more appropriate.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1253
The harmonic mean of speeds 30 km/h and 60 km/h for equal distances is:
A. 40 km/h
B. 45 km/h
C. 55 km/h
D. 50 km/h
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
For equal distances, average speed = harmonic mean = 2 / (1/30 + 1/60) = 2 / (2/60 + 1/60) = 2 / (3/60) = 2 × 20 = 40 km/h. Arithmetic mean (45) would be incorrect here.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1254
If a dataset has a mean of 100 and a coefficient of variation of 20%, the standard deviation is:
A. 40
B. 10
C. 20
D. 30
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Coefficient of variation (CV) = (SD / Mean) × 100. So 20 = (SD / 100) × 100 → SD = 20. CV standardizes dispersion relative to the mean.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1255
The mode of a continuous frequency distribution can be estimated using the formula:
A. L + [(f₀ - f₁) / (f₀ + f₁)] × h
B. L + [(f₁ - f₀) / (2f₁ - f₀ - f₂)] × h
C. L + [(f₁ - f₀) / (f₁ - f₂)] × h
D. L + (h / 2)
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
For grouped data, mode = L + [(f₁ - f₀) / (2f₁ - f₀ - f₂)] × h, where L=lower limit of modal class, f₁=frequency of modal class, f₀=previous class frequency, f₂=next class frequency, h=class width.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1256
In probability, the addition theorem for mutually exclusive events simplifies to P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) because:
A. P(A ∩ B) = 1
B. P(A) = P(B)
C. P(A ∩ B) = 0
D. Events are independent
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Mutually exclusive events cannot occur together, so their intersection probability is zero, removing the subtraction term in the general addition theorem.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1257
If P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7, and P(A ∪ B) = 0.9, then P(A ∩ B) is:
A. 0.2
B. 0.5
C. 0.3
D. 0.4
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation:
By addition theorem: P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B) → 0.9 = 0.6 + 0.7 - P(A∩B) → P(A∩B) = 1.3 - 0.9 = 0.4.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1258
Bayes' theorem is particularly useful in:
A. Updating beliefs with new evidence in diagnostic testing or machine learning
B. Constructing frequency distributions
C. Determining sample size
D. Calculating simple probabilities
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Bayes' theorem provides a formal framework for revising prior probabilities based on observed data, crucial in medical testing (e.g., disease probability given positive test) and Bayesian statistics.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1259
A medical test has 95% sensitivity and 90% specificity. If disease prevalence is 1%, the probability that a person with a positive test actually has the disease is approximately:
A. 8.7%
B. 15.3%
C. 50.0%
D. 95.0%
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Using Bayes: P(Disease|Positive) = [Sensitivity × Prevalence] / [Sensitivity×Prev + (1-Specificity)×(1-Prev)] = (0.95×0.01) / (0.95×0.01 + 0.10×0.99) = 0.0095 / (0.0095 + 0.099) = 0.0095/0.1085 ≈ 0.0876 ≈ 8.7%. Highlights low positive predictive value when prevalence is low.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics
Question #1260
In attribute theory, consistency of data requires that all ultimate class frequencies are:
A. Positive integers or zero
B. Greater than marginal frequencies
C. Multiples of 10
D. Equal
Discuss
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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Consistency checks ensure no calculated frequency (e.g., from marginal totals) is negative, as counts cannot be negative; all must be non-negative integers for logical validity.
This question belongs to: Accountancy and Statistics Statistics

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