Aqua fortis is the historical name for: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
An alpha particle (α) consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, which is the same as a helium-4 nucleus (²⁴He²⁺). It has a +2 charge. Beta particles are electrons (β⁻) or positrons (β⁺). Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves with no mass or charge. Alpha particles have low penetration power and are stopped by a sheet of paper or skin. Rutherford used alpha particles in his scattering experiment.

Explanation:
Aluminium goes from 0 to +3 oxidation state (Al → Al³⁺ + 3e⁻), so it is oxidized. Iron goes from +3 to 0 (Fe³⁺ + 3e⁻ → Fe), reduced. This is a thermite reaction, highly exothermic, used for welding. Al is the reducing agent, Fe₂O₃ is the oxidizing agent. Oxidation is loss of electrons.

Explanation:
Fractional distillation is specifically designed to separate miscible liquids whose boiling points differ by less than 25 K. It uses a fractionating column which provides surfaces for repeated evaporation and condensation, enriching the vapor with the more volatile component before it reaches the condenser.