Soap is made by saponification of triglycerides (fats/oils) which are esters of glycerol and long-chain fatty acids (e.g., stearic, palmitic, oleic). The sodium salt gives hard soap, potassium gives soft soap. The long hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic) and carboxylate head (hydrophilic) provide cleaning action via micelle formation. Synthetic detergents are usually sodium salts of sulfonic acids or sulfate esters.
Explanation:
V₂O₅ catalyzes the oxidation of SO₂ to SO₃ in the Contact process for sulfuric acid: 2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2SO₃. Fe is used for ammonia (Haber). Pt-Rh gauze for nitric acid (Ostwald). Sodium hydroxide is made by chlor-alkali electrolysis, no catalyst needed. V₂O₅ is preferred over Pt because it is cheaper and less susceptible to poisoning by arsenic impurities.
Explanation:
Sodium acetate (CH₃COONa) is a salt of weak acid (acetic acid) and strong base (NaOH). It hydrolyzes to produce OH⁻ ions: CH₃COO⁻ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃COOH + OH⁻, making the solution basic. NaCl (strong acid-strong base) neutral. NH₄Cl (strong acid-weak base) acidic. NaNO₃ neutral. Basic salts turn red litmus blue.
Explanation:
Atomic radius decreases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge. Sodium (Na) is the first element in period 3, thus it has the largest atomic radius. Argon (noble gas) has the smallest (though noble gas radii are van der Waals and larger than covalent, but still trend is decreasing). For metals, Na > Mg > Al; non-metals further smaller.
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