Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride in the:
A. Contact process
B. Chlor-alkali process
C. Solvay process
D. Haber process
Answer: Option B
Solution (By JKExamLibrary)
The Chlor-alkali process involves the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl (brine). It produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at the cathode, chlorine gas (Cl₂) at the anode, and hydrogen gas (H₂) at the cathode. The Solvay process produces sodium carbonate, not sodium hydroxide.
Explanation:
Atomic number is the number of protons, which is 17 for all chlorine atoms. Mass numbers differ due to different neutrons (18 and 20). Isotopes have same atomic number, different mass number.
Explanation:
J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through cathode ray tube experiments in 1897 and measured the e/m ratio by applying electric and magnetic fields. Rutherford discovered the nucleus via the gold foil experiment. Chadwick discovered the neutron (1932). Bohr proposed the planetary model of the atom with quantized orbits. Thomson's model (plum pudding) was later superseded. Exam memory: Thomson = electron (e/m); Rutherford = nucleus; Chadwick = neutron; Bohr = energy levels.
Explanation:
Isobars: same mass number, different atomic number. Example: ⁴⁰Ar, ⁴⁰Ca. Isotopes: same atomic number, different mass number. Isotones: same number of neutrons. Isomers: same molecular formula, different structure.
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