The condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure damaging the optic nerve is: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease where beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed, leading to little or no insulin production. Patients require insulin injections. Type 2 involves insulin resistance. Diabetes insipidus involves ADH deficiency, Cushing's syndrome is cortisol excess.

Explanation:
In the biogeochemical carbon cycle, carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the atmosphere primarily by autotrophs (plants, algae) through the process of photosynthesis, where it is fixed into organic compounds (glucose). Carbon is returned to the atmosphere through respiration (by plants and animals), decomposition of dead organic matter, and combustion of fossil fuels.

Explanation:
The Foramen of Panizza is a small opening located between the left and right aortic arches at the base of the heart in crocodilians (crocodiles, alligators). It allows blood to flow between the two systemic arches. During diving, when pulmonary resistance increases, this foramen allows deoxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and enter the systemic circulation, conserving oxygen for vital organs. Frogs have a three-chambered heart without this specific foramen.