The disease characterized by the inability to produce insulin is:
A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
B. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
C. Diabetes insipidus
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: Option B
Solution (By JKExamLibrary)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease where beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed, leading to little or no insulin production. Patients require insulin injections. Type 2 involves insulin resistance. Diabetes insipidus involves ADH deficiency, Cushing's syndrome is cortisol excess.
Explanation:
Glucagon, released by pancreatic alpha cells when blood glucose is low, activates glycogen phosphorylase, leading to glycogenolysis and release of glucose from the liver. Insulin promotes glycogenesis. Cortisol and thyroxine have permissive effects.
Explanation:
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is a peptide hormone secreted by the chief cells of the four parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia). Its primary function is to increase blood calcium levels (hypercalcemic effect). It achieves this by: 1) Stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone, releasing calcium. 2) Increasing calcium reabsorption and stimulating the activation of Vitamin D in the kidneys. 3) Indirectly increasing calcium absorption in the gut via active Vitamin D. It has the opposite effect of calcitonin.
Explanation:
Beriberi is caused by a severe deficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). It affects the cardiovascular system (wet beriberi, causing edema and heart failure) and the nervous system (dry beriberi, causing muscle wasting and nerve damage). It is common in populations whose staple diet is polished rice, as the thiamine-rich husk is removed during polishing.
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