James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles, which emitted a highly penetrating radiation consisting of neutral particles with mass similar to protons. Thomson discovered the electron, Rutherford the proton, and Dalton proposed the foundational atomic theory of matter.
Explanation:
Thermite: Fe₂O₃ + 2Al → 2Fe + Al₂O₃. Aluminium powder reduces iron oxide, producing molten iron for welding. Al is chosen due to its high reactivity and exothermic reaction.
Explanation:
Boyle's law: PV = constant (at fixed T and n). So P ∝ 1/V. If volume is doubled, pressure halves. Charles' law relates V and T; Graham's law relates diffusion rate to molar mass.
Explanation:
Cobalt-60 is a gamma-ray emitter used in radiotherapy to destroy cancerous cells. Iodine-131 is used for thyroid cancer and disorders. Carbon-14 is used in radiocarbon dating. Uranium-235 is used as fuel in nuclear reactors and weapons. Radioisotopes for medical use are produced in nuclear reactors. Gamma rays penetrate and damage DNA of rapidly dividing cells.
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