Explanation:
Boiling converts soluble bicarbonates of Ca and Mg to insoluble carbonates: Ca(HCO₃)₂ (heat) → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O + CO₂, which can then be filtered. Permanent hardness (due to sulfates/chlorides) is not removed by boiling; requires washing soda, ion exchange, or calgon. Calcium sulfate addition would increase permanent hardness. Filtration removes solid particles, not dissolved ions.
Explanation:
Neutralization is the reaction of an acid and a base to form salt and water. HCl (acid) + NaOH (base) → NaCl (salt) + H₂O. Option A is combination; C is decomposition; D is displacement.
Explanation:
Hydraulic washing, also known as gravity separation, is based on the difference in specific gravities (densities) of the metallic ore and the associated impurities (gangue). The powdered ore is washed with a running stream of water; the lighter impurities are carried away, leaving the heavier ore particles behind.
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