The symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens is an example of: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

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The symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens is an example of:

A. Parasitism

B. Commensalism

C. Mutualism

D. Predation

Answer: Option C

Solution (By JKExamLibrary)

Lichens represent mutualism where the fungal partner provides shelter, water, and minerals, and the algal or cyanobacterial partner provides food through photosynthesis. Both benefit. Parasitism is harmful to host; commensalism benefits one without affecting the other; predation involves one killing and eating the other. Lichens are bioindicators of air pollution, sensitive to SO₂. This association is obligate.

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Question #1

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The disorder characterized by repetitive seizures due to abnormal brain electrical activity is:

A. Multiple sclerosis

B. Stroke

C. Epilepsy

D. Meningitis

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder marked by recurrent seizures caused by excessive and synchronous neuronal firing. Stroke is from interrupted blood supply, MS is demyelination, meningitis is inflammation of meninges.

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Question #2

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The first stable product of CO₂ fixation in C4 plants is:

A. Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

B. Oxaloacetic acid (OAA)

C. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

D. 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
In C4 plants like maize and sugarcane, CO₂ is initially fixed in mesophyll cells by PEP carboxylase, producing a four-carbon compound oxaloacetic acid (OAA), which is then converted to malate or aspartate and transported to bundle sheath cells. Here, CO₂ is released and enters the Calvin cycle. This adaptation minimizes photorespiration.

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Question #3

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The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is:

A. Moonlight

B. Geothermal energy

C. Sunlight

D. Wind

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Sunlight is the ultimate source of energy for almost all ecosystems. Photosynthetic autotrophs (plants, algae, cyanobacteria) capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy, which then flows through the food web. Some deep-sea ecosystems rely on chemosynthesis from hydrothermal vents, but globally, the sun drives the biosphere.

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