Isotopes have identical atomic numbers (number of protons) but different mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons. They have similar chemical properties but different physical properties like mass and density. Example: ¹²C and ¹⁴C, both have 6 protons.
Explanation:
Antoine Lavoisier is known as the father of modern chemistry and formulated the law of conservation of mass—mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Dalton's atomic theory supported this law. Thomson discovered electron. Rutherford discovered nucleus. Lavoisier also named oxygen and hydrogen and established the role of oxygen in combustion.
Explanation:
Haber process synthesizes ammonia using iron catalyst. Solvay process for soda ash uses no solid catalyst but involves reactions with CO₂ and ammonia. Bayer's process for alumina uses NaOH, no catalyst. Hall-Héroult process is electrolytic for aluminium. Catalysis is key in many industrial processes: Contact (V₂O₅), Ostwald (Pt), hydrogenation (Ni).
Explanation:
Froth flotation separates sulfide ore particles from gangue by using oil and water. The ore particles adhere to the froth and float, while gangue sinks. Used for ZnS, PbS, CuFeS₂. Magnetic separation for magnetite, leaching for bauxite.
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