Explanation:
J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 through his experiments with cathode ray tubes. He demonstrated that cathode rays were composed of previously unknown negatively charged particles, which were later named electrons. This discovery proved that atoms were not indivisible and led to his 'plum pudding' model.
Explanation:
Calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions react with soap anions to form insoluble precipitates (scum), preventing lather. Sodium and potassium soaps are soluble and lather well. So detergents are preferred in hard water because their calcium/magnesium salts are soluble. Hardness is measured in terms of CaCO₃ equivalent.
Explanation:
Baking powder = sodium bicarbonate + weak solid acid (usually tartaric acid or cream of tartar). On moistening, they react to produce CO₂, causing dough to rise without requiring external acidic ingredient.
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